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Contractual penalty
Kmoníčková, Klára ; Elischer, David (advisor) ; Thöndel, Alexandr (referee)
Contractual penalty The theme of this thesis is the contractual penalty. The contractual penalty is an ancient institute, a similar legal instrument was already known in Roman Law. In our territory an equivalent of the contractual penalty can be already found in municipal law in the 16th century. The fact that contractual penalty has been used for such a long time illustrates its doubtless importance and its necessity for Law of Obligations. Nowadays contractual penalty still plays an important role and it is frequently used in contracts. The aim of this thesis is to analyse current legal regulation of the contractual penalty in the Czech Republic, including the relevant case-law and literature. The purpose is also to point out the difference in opinions about some particular issues or practical problems. The thesis focuses primarily on amount of the contractual penalty and a discretionary power of a judge to reduce an excessive contractual penalty. The thesis does not forget to deal with other topics relating to the contractual penalty. This thesis consists of 11 Parts, some of these Parts are divided into the Chapters or Points. The thesis summarizes a historical development of the contractual penalty in its first Part. The second Part of the thesis concerns with a systematic classification of...
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Decisions of administrative courts concerning actions against the decision of administrative body in cases of administrative delicts
Zíma, Jakub ; Prášková, Helena (advisor) ; Millerová, Ivana (referee)
in English Title: Decisions of administrative courts concerning actions against the decision of administrative body in cases of administrative delicts A subject matter of this thesis is analysis of current law and judicial practice in field of review of decisions of administrative bodies in cases of administrative delicts. In introduction of the thesis the author briefly sums up the historical development of the administrative jurisprudence and the influence of international regulation and judicial decisions of the international courts. The author describes and analyzes international requirements on deciding in full jurisdiction and relevant law in the Czech Republic. In this context, the author briefly analyzes the current and relevant law in Germany and Poland. The thesis analyzes whether the Czech law meets the requirements on deciding in full jurisdiction of not. The author describes chosen particularities of law regarding the judicial review of administrative delicts and the influence of judicial decisions upon the limits of the relevant law. The thesis further analyzes judicial decisions and its influence upon possible extension of protection of offender of administrative delict. The author further considers and analyzes court's right to moderate the punishment, its legal scope and possible...
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Contractual penalty under the Commercial Code (with focus on the discretionary power of a judge to reduce a contractual penalty)
Mináčová, Michala ; Patěk, Daniel (advisor) ; Klee, Lukáš (referee)
Contractual Penalty under the Commercial Code (with focus on the discretionary power of a judge to reduce a contractual penalty) Contractual penalty is a concept frequently used by the parties to consolidate the position of the creditor as well as to motivate the debtor to fulfill the obligation as agreed. Not different from the other institutes of private law, the practical application of contractual penalty arises many questions with no uniform answers. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze selected contentious issues concerning the contractual penalty, especially discretionary power of a judge to reduce its unreasonable amount, to confront controversial theoretical opinions as well as non-conforming conclusions drawn from the juristic theory and established practice of the courts and add own opinion on the discussed matters. The paper does not include the exhaustive construction of contractual penalty, and therefore the general aspects are outlined only to the necessary extent. Greater attention is paid to the creation and existence of the right and claim to the contractual penalty. The study shifts the focus on the discretionary power of a judge to mitigate its inappropriate amount comprising different opinions on the related issues. The concept of contractual penalty has been used in private...
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